fchslashspring2019 project 7
- Project reviewer
Joined 22 Feb 2019
Project by group fchslashspring2019
Info
Explore | Plants are a very big part of our existence as we know it. Plants provide us with food, oxygen, and something pretty to look at. We have discovered in class that there are many different plants in the world. They are all different, but yet the same in so many ways. Questions: ~What plants are... |
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Research Question | What is the different amounts of pollen in the atmosphere? |
Predictions | If we put our pollen traps up higher, then we will collect more pollen. |
Experimental Design | Our independent variable would be how high we put our traps. The dependent variable would be how much pollen we collect. Our general procedure for our data collection would be 3 different traps. We will set the pollen traps in our football stadium during our second block class. One pollen trap... |
Conclusion | What claim can we make from our experiment? What are possible explanations for our results? How do the data we collected and our reasoning with scientific ideas support our claim? What future experiments could be done to expand on the results of this experiment? |
About this Project |
The students in this project were very excited about flowers, once they learned about the parts. They greatly improved their microscopy skills and collected and studied many of the flowers they encountered. They went above and beyond the minimal requirements, and they were always engaged in... |
Updates
It’s great to see that teams from your school are wrapping up and posting conclusions. Enjoy the final stages of your project, and feel free to post any final comments or questions you have for your mentors.
Thank you so much for working with our group these past weeks. I have learned so much just by interacting with you. You seriously inspired me to take a horticulture degree as my minor in college. I hope that you have great rest of your day!
These pictures are diagrams that we had drawn and labeled for both the Violet and the Dandelion.
Good diagrams. I like your illustration of the ovary. Is your "pollen tube" label for the violet pointing to a pollen tube or to the style?
The part of the flower under the stigma is the style. The pollen tubes grow through the style and into the ovary.
The question that we are asking is do flowers of a certain color receive more insect visitors than others? Our hypothesis is if we observe a purple violet and a yellow dandelion flower, then the purple violet will have more insect visitors, due to the color difference. The materials we need for this part of the project is very simple, we just need a stopwatch to make sure that we look at all the flowers for the same amount of time. We will also need paper and a pencil to take tallies of how many insects visit each flower within the 10 minutes. Our independent variable is the type/color of the flowers that we will observe. The dependent variable will be the amount of insect visitors that visit each type/color of flowers.
Excellent project description, and your ID of the independent/dependent variables is right on the mark. Do you have a hypothesis? What else may affect how many insects visit the flowers? Weather conditions? Time of day? Distance from a hive?
Thank you! Yes, we do have a hypothesis. Our hypothesis: If we look at both a purple violet and a dandelion together, then the violet will get more insect visitors because of its color. I'm pretty sure that there is many things that could affect how many insects visit the flowers. We did our experiment yesterday and We noticed that the weather, time of day, and even I feel like the noise ended up affecting it.
Did you know that wild ginger in the US (not the type of ginger you eat) is pollinated by ants? Also, pawpaws are pollinated by flies. Did you find any information on the type of insect that pollinates violets and dandelions?
Picture number one is the sheet that we collected all of our data on. The second one is our labeled and titled data table. The third one is a picture of the dandelion violet that we looked at for the 10 minutes under the microscope. The fourth is the violet under the microscope. The fifth and sixth are both of the flowers in their natural habitat. Thank you for working with us on this project, I've learned new things that I never would have thought about while doing this project.
Good job guys. Science can sometimes be really frustrating. As Thomas Edison said, "I have not failed. I have just found 1,000 ways that do not work." You've learned a lot, and you'll get better each time you do a new experiment.
Great graph!
Did you know that a dandelion flow is actually a big cluster of tiny flowers? Each flower has one yellow petal.
Yesterday, we went outside and looked at whether violets or dandelions had more insect visitors. We began to notice, that there wasn't very many insect visitors on either of them at all. We looked at both the violet and the dandelion for 10 minutes to get all of our data. I figured that splitting those 10 minutes into 2 sets of 5 minutes would make it easier on all of us. MaKayla was the time keeper and Josh and I were looking at the flowers and collecting our data.
~Blue Violet (purple)
*The first 5 minutes: We only saw one fly land on it for just a tiny millisecond. Josh and I began to realize that the flies and beetles would either be flying or crawling around them, but not necessarily be landing on them that often. Even if they landed on them it was almost like they saw us or something and would fly/crawl away before we could get a picture of them. I guess in a way, maybe they were shy.
*The second 5 minutes: We on saw one fly, yet again it flew away before we got a chance to snap a picture of it.
~Dandelion (Yellow)
The first 5 minutes: We saw zero insects land on them, flies were flying around them , but wouldn't land on them.
The second 5 minutes: The same as the first 5 minutes.
ERRORS: The time keeper didn't tell us when they started the timer over every 5 minutes. We also didn't know how many minutes we were already in to until after they were over. The grass had just been mowed right before we went outside. In which resulted in it becoming hard to find actual violets that were in tact to look at. The dandelions however, were definitely in tact more than the violets. The dandelions were in a secluded little flower bed in the middle of our schools parking lot. The weather yesterday was very gloomy, with lots of cloud coverage, and for some odd reason it was kind of chilly outside too. Lastly, I'm not sure if this has anything to do with how many insect visitors we had, but it was very loud outside too. The lawn mowers were roaring and there was also quite a lot of chattering between classes. I also wasn't aware that we needed to take a picture of our sampling sites until now, but I did get pictures of the plants in the ground and under the microscope!
Alrighty so after we got collected all of our pollen slides, we were left with 5 slides. The first picture is slide A, the second is slide B, third is slide C, fourth is slide D, and the fifth picture is slide E. Like I said they were all labeled bleachers and we figured that labeling them with letters would make it easier!
I think that if I had lots of money and could do this project again, I would definitely put our pollen traps in a much more secluded place, where people wouldn't be able to take them. I would also label our slides a little better, I hadn't realized that we labeled then all to go into our stadium's bleachers, until after the fact. I would take pictures of where we put each trap as well. It took a little bit longer for us to find our traps because we didn't think to take pictures until yet again, after the fact. I honestly think that if we would have had more time or would have been able to keep our traps outside for longer, then we probably would have had a lot more pollen and a lot less debris than what we had.
We came to the conclusion that there is more pollen higher up in the atmosphere, than lower in the atmosphere. On April 1, we set our pollen traps up on our football stadium. We had 3 replicates of pollen traps. On April 2, we collected our pollen traps and stained them with Calberla's Solution and found that there was more debris than pollen on April, 3. We noticed that there was a lot more debris on our pollen traps than pollen. I definitely think that there is a better way to collect pollen. From where we put them on our football stadium, we ended up losing 2 of our traps. We are thinking that someone took them because on April 1, our school had a soccer game. We also unfortunately still had other errors. When we went to set our pollen traps, it was so cold that we just put them wherever we could put them as fast as we could. We also put on our slides that they were all going on the bleachers, but after we had already set them, I had realized we put some in other places than the bleachers. There was like 3 out of 7 of them that weren't on our bleachers and the rest were. We still got quite a lot of interesting data even after our errors.
It's so annoying when bystanders mess up your data collection. One time, my research team got to our field site in the forest, which we had been monitoring for months, and we saw a bunch of holes someone had dug all over the field site. Why all these holes? And why was there red paint on the trees? Then we found a discarded bottle of commercial "Zombie Blood." Apparently, a bunch of high schoolers were making a horror film and just happened to pick our field site for the scene where all the zombies rise from the dead! Our professor wouldn't allow us to put that in the peer-reviewed paper we wrote for the project. Oh well.
If you had lots of money and could do this project again, what would you do differently?
You are right, it is very annoying when people mess with your data collection. Oh my goodness! I think that if I were in your shoes and people had messed up my field site research, I would have gotten very mad! Did y'all have to pay for all the stuff they tampered with or did they? I hope they did, considering they realized they wanted become a movie director out of no where. Also, why do you think your professor didn't allow you to put it in your peer-reviewed paper?
The students probably didn't realize that they were in a research site. Our plots were in a forest and only marked by railroad stakes hammered into the ground. They didn't damage any property, just the seedlings we'd been monitoring for months, and there was no way to figure out exactly which students were responsible for digging the holes. We got enough data to publish a paper. Jonathan and I wanted to write that removing invasive honeysuckle appeared to result in increased zombie activity, but our professor made us change it to "increased pedestrian traffic."
Well done! For your bar graph, remember that your independent variable (height) goes on the x-axis and your dependent variable (amount of pollen) goes on the y-axis.
We researched a Violet and a Dandelion today and a found out so much that I didn't know!
*Violets~ The common name that a Violet has is Blue violet. Its scientific name is Viola sororia. The Life Cycle of a Blue Violet is that it comes together in big clumps/colonies in forests, fields, and any area that humans are in. It grows mostly during the spring and summer time, and some even in the winter time. During the winter time, the stems grow underground. Blue Violets grow from year to year, depending on the soil's temperature. In forests, there is more light during the first few weeks of them coming out. Their leaves turn yellow and die in the fall due to cold weather, the amounts of rain, and the lack of rain. Fun Fact~ Fungus and herbivores can also kill violets off quickly.
*Dandelions~ The common name of a Dandelion is Dandelion. It's scientific name is Taxacum officinale. The Life Cycle of a Dandelion is that it can grow from sea level to high mountains, so basically anywhere humans live. They do well because it's leaves make it difficult for grazing animals to eat them, also Dandelions are below most lawnmower blades. For the most part, the come out in the spring and fall. Fun Facts~ Dandelions are in the sunflower family. Their seeds produce asexually, which makes since that they go dormant in the winter and their roots stay alive. That in itself makes it to where they can get a jumpstart on growing when it becomes warmer outside.
Well done!
1st picture is our bar graph that shows our data, the 2nd picture is our conclusion paper, and the 3rd picture is where we collected all of our data
I agree that rain and dew will probably affect all the treatments equally. How about sunlight and wind? Will there be more wind or stronger wind higher up?
Have you made a hypothesis graph?
I sure can, we were thinking about 2 replicates maybe? Do you think we need to do more than 2 replicates or does 2 sound like it's enough?
In science we generally use at least three replicates. For my big germination experiment, I had ten replicates per treatment, but that meant I had 360 petri dishes! Often, you can't use that many replicates because you don't have enough supplies, money, or time.
We made three replicates and just placed them in our stadium and we will probably measure the number of stairs as well as how far off the ground they are. Rain and dew could definitely affect the amount of pollen that reaches the slides. Yes, I believe that rain and dew will affect all of our treatments the same.
Our experimental design:
Our independent variable would be how high we put our traps. The dependent variable would be how much pollen we collect. Our general procedure for our data collection would be 3 different traps. We will set the pollen traps in our football stadium during our second block class. One pollen trap will be sat at the lowest, highest, and middle point. We will count the pollen grains by putting our findings under the microscope and count. In order to count each pollen grain, we will look at it at 100x magnification.
Good design! Are you going to measure how high off the ground they are in feet, or are you going to use a different measurement (like number of stairs)?
Other than height off the ground, what variables could affect the amount of pollen that reaches the slides? Will these variables be the same for all three treatments?
We meant to ask is there more or less pollen higher up in our atmosphere?
Let's divide up this question into higher elevations (like mountaintops or the Tibetan Plateau) and higher altitudes (really far off the ground). You're right that for both of these, there is less oxygen and it is colder and drier the higher you go. At high elevations, trees can't grow and you mainly get grasses. This means that, if you were to set out pollen traps at different elevations, the types of pollen in your traps would be different and the amount of pollen would also be different.
How do you think the amount of pollen and types of pollen would change if you sample at different heights off the ground? Why?
The amount of pollen and types of pollen would change if we sample at different heights off the ground because we are thinking that plants are closer to the ground, so there for, there would be more pollen closer to the ground.
Good hypothesis! Can you draw what you think your results will look like in a bar graph?
To make a bar graph, put the independent variable on the x-axis (trap height off ground) and the dependent variable on the y-axis (number of pollen grains). For a hypothesis bar graph, the y-axis doesn't need to have numbers on it. The main point of this graph is to show the pattern you expect to see in your results. Doing a hypothesis bar graph makes it easier to see whether your results support your hypothesis. You just compare the two graphs.
If the corn's pollen is heavy, then how did it get 80 meters above the ground?
Corn pollen is heavy for pollen; it's still very small and very light. It likely traveled that far up in altitude due to wind currents.
How is corn ever pollinated?
Technically, corn is considered wind-pollinated. However, unlike some wind-borne pollen that travels very far, corn pollen just drops. The tassels at the top of the corn stalk are the male flowers, and the baby corn cobs are clusters of female flowers. The corn silk is the style of the female flower. Given what you know about corn silk, how long would you expect the pollen tubes to grow?
I'd expect that the pollen tubes would grow a couple of weeks, maybe? I mean if you think about it, corn takes a while to grow in general, so there for, I would think that the pollen tubes would grow about a week or so or maybe even a month?
Oops, clarification: How many inches long do you think the pollen tubes will grow? Think about how long corn silk is.
Good experiment! I'm not able to see all of your experimental design. Can you post it in the updates? How many replicates are you going to have for each treatment?
"Do you think people that are higher up in the atmosphere become affected by pollen differently or no?"
Interesting question. If a person collected pollen at sea level and then drove up to the top of a mountain and poured the pollen on their face, do you think they would react differently?
How is the environment at higher altitudes different from sea level?
Great point! Thank you for your feedback! We didn"t exactly know how to word our second question, sorry! We meant to ask is there more or less pollen higher up in our atmosphere?
If the corn's pollen is heavy, then how did it get 80 meters above the ground? How is corn ever pollinated? Is it pollinated by wind or insects? That might be a silly question, but I have always wondered how corn is pollinated!
I would say that the environment at higher altitudes is different from sea level because there is less oxygen, maybe? I remember in my Earth Science class, freshmen year, my teacher said something about how the higher you get, the less oxygen you have. That's the reason why when you fly in an airplane, you have oxygen on the plane. If there wasn't any oxygen, the people wouldn't survive their flights, let alone even be able to fly. Th temperature would be a factor at higher altitudes as well. The higher up a person goes, the colder it gets. Also, the lower amount of oxygen would more than likely affect different species of plants, wouldn't it?
How high in the atmosphere do you think pollen can travel? Do you think people that are higher up in the atmosphere become affected by pollen differently or no?
Good question! I did a quick literature search and found a paper by Aylor, Boehm, and Shields (2006, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology), who looked specifically at corn (maize) pollen. They mounted pollen samplers under the wings of what they call "remote-piloted vehicles," which I think were probably someone's remote-controlled model airplanes. They found corn pollen over 80 meters above the ground, which is impressive because corn pollen is pretty heavy.
We viewed different pollens today and I have to say that pollen is such a fascinatingly cool thing! Some pollens are tiny and small, but yet are in colonies it looks like. Others are one big and huge colony. There are 5 groups working together in our class. 3 groups, including ours, looked at Cherry plant's pollen. The last 2 groups looked at Henbit and Forsynthia.
Great pictures with the pollen. If you get a chance to look at pollen under a compound microscope, you should try it. Also, try looking up pictures of pollen taken using a scanning electron microscope.
Did you know that paleobotanists study pollen from the age of the dinosaurs? Pollen that old is dead and won't germinate, but the scientists can compare the ridges and other structures on the outside of the pollen to pollen from plants alivetoday and figure out which types of plants were living in the Cretaceous period.
If we were to make an educated guess as to why some of the pollen germinated better than the other pollen it would be because some of the plants sat in our classroom longer than others and that probably ended up killing the pollen. Maybe the amount of light contributed to it as well. An experiment that we would design would probably be to pick a variation of flowers on our campus at the same time of day and view them, that way maybe more pollen would germinate.
There was a lot less germination in the Cherry plants. One groups Forsynthia had to basically do it twice because one of there's germinated and the other didn't. I'm not really sure how or why that happened. I didn't understand why the pollen that came off the Henbit germinated and the other pollen that came off the stamen didn't.
Hmm, let's go over these results:
Henbit - lots of pollen germination
Cherry - moderate germination
Forsythia - poor germination
Why did this happen? The first thing most students think of to explain unexpected results is user error - the teams with poor germination didn't do it correctly. While that could be the case, it is true less often than you would think. Let's start with asking: did any of the groups treat their pollen differently than the others?
If you all used the same methods, we look for other reasons. Pollen is a living organism. Even though it is only made of 1-5 cells, it is just as alive as one of your blood cells. It can be killed by getting to hot, cold, or dry. It can also die of old age. Like plants themselves, different types of pollen live longer than others. Also, like plants, different types of pollen prefer slightly different growing conditions. Is it possible that one of your three types of pollen was too old to germinate (had started dying of old age)? Is it possible that the conditions you used to germinate the pollen were better for henbit than they were for cherry?
Most of the great science discoveries started with unexpected results (the discovery of radium is an example). The important thing is for a scientist to then figure out what happened by making a hypothesis and testing it. If you were to make an educated guess as to why some of the pollen germinated better than the other pollen, what would it be? What experiment would you design to test this hypothesis?
You got some great dissection pictures! I particularly like the one of the forsythia with one petal+sepal cut away. It really allows you to see how the stamens and gynoecium are arranged. I also like the longitudinal dissections of the ovaries. Well done!
How were the flowers similar and how were they different? For example, were the stamens tucked inside the flower, or were they on long stalks above or outside of the petals?
If you were to design the best wind-pollinated flower possible, what would it look like? Where would the stamens be? How big would the petals be? Would the flower have a long stem, or would it be close to the ground?
There was a lot less germination in the Cherry plants. One groups Forsynthia had to basically do it twice because one of there's germinated and the other didn't. I'm not really sure how or why that happened. I didn't understand why the pollen that came off the Henbit germinated and the other pollen that came off the stamen didn't.
I took some really cool pictures on my phone from where we dissected the plants, but I cant figure out how to post them so you can see how interesting all of them looked like under the microscope. Do you by any chance know how to go about posting pictures on here?
Oh wow, that's a lot of different pollen! I never knew that there were so many. Before this, I thought that every plant had the same pollen and the same parts. Just today looking under the microscope, my mind was completely blown. I realized how different plants truly are. I never really thought about how plants have all of these different parts to it that all work together to keep it alive and thriving. In a way, it's almost like plants are like humans. There are so many different working parts in our bodies that function together just to keep us alive. Like I said, my mind was totally blown!
1) We noticed that the pollen was mostly located in the stamen, on the plant's anther.
2)The plants differed from their colors, smells, how they looked, and textured. Each plant also were a different type of plant.
3)The plants were similar because they all had seeds, were pollinated, and could produce their own nutrients.
4)
a. We don't think that any of our plants were self pollinated because they were characteristics that showed that most of our plants were pollinated by a bee.
b. We don't think that any of our plants were pollinated by wind because none of them really matched all the characteristics of wind pollinated plants.
c. We think that the Forsynthia and the Lily are definitely pollinated by an animal because they are both very colorful plants and you can tell that they are either pollinated by a bee or a bat.
d. The stigma and the style are both exposed so that means that the pollen can easily get to it. They both help collect pollen by doing this.
5) We will be looking at different types of pollen tomorrow and we were wondering what types of pollens have you seen? Also, how many different pollens are there?
Yes, the stamens (made up of the anther and the filament) are collectively called the androecium (the male sexual organ). The stigma, style, and ovary are called the gynoecium (the female sexual organ).
What types of pollen have I seen? So many types! Orchids produce their pollen in packets. Some of these flowers have the pollen on a trigger mechanism that slaps the packets of pollen onto an insect's back as it tries to climb into the flower. Pine pollen has little flaps that help it float on the wind. These flaps make the pollen look like the outline of Mickey Mouse's head. Tomato pollen is sticky, so it can stick to pollinators. It also stuck to my hands, clothes, and hair when I spent a summer studying which farming practices resulted in the best tomato crop. It took so much scrubbing with soap to get all that pollen off!
Every species of plant produces a unique type of pollen, but there are some general categories. Wind-pollinated plants produce pollen that is small, light, and has something to catch the wind like flaps or spines. Animal-pollinated plants tend to produce pollen that is sticky.
We ended up doing our plant dissection over today and we got a chance to take pictures this time! We are looking at pollen under a microscope tomorrow in class.
Yay!
Okay, we've got two votes saying the pollen is made in the flower's stem and one saying it is in the pistil. Let me know what you find out!
Hello Team! I heard that some of the teams had difficulty with their flower dissections. How did yours go? Did you take any pictures?
Hello! I’m excited to be working with you on this project. I’m a biologist with the US Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps of Engineers is responsible for enforcing the Clean Water Act, which means that we are responsible for making sure all our rivers, lakes, and bays are clean and healthy. We also enforce the Rivers and Harbors Act, which means that we make sure no one builds a structure that will prevent fish from migrating or boats from moving along established shipping lanes. The Corps of Engineers has both civilians and active duty military. I’m a civilian, but I report to Lieutenant Colonel Rayfield, who is the head engineer for our district.
I also have a dog. She's a lab-beagle mix and loves to dig holes chasing after gophers.
Here are some questions for you guys:
Have you ever grown a plant from seed?
Do you have a garden at home?
Here in California, we have redwood trees that are over 300 feet tall. The wood in their trunks is largely made of carbon atoms. Where do those carbon atoms come from? The soil? The air? The water?
- Yes I have
- no ma’am I don’t
- i feel like carbon atoms come from the plants that are in nature.
Where does the carbon in wood come from? We've got two votes for the soil and one vote saying trees take it from other plants. When a researcher asked a bunch of students at their college graduation this question, most of them said that trees got their carbon from the soil.
However, if a tree were taking carbon from the soil, as the tree grew taller, all the soil around its roots would be disappearing. The tree would eventually be in a great big hole because all the soil that used to be around its roots was now in its trunk!
Wood is made of mainly carbon and hydrogen atoms, with a few oxygen atoms in the mix. This carbon comes from the carbon dioxide in the air. So, next time you see a tree, think of how much carbon dioxide it took out of the air to make all that wood.
Plant Disection- Introduction
1.in the piston
2. Size, shape, colors, texture
3. They both will have a plant wall, they both produce pollen, they both have seeds, both need water, sunlight
Plant Dissection
- In it’s stem
- Different types of seeds and colors also the texture
- All pollen producing , all have plant walls, all have seeds, they all need water, sunlight, and nutrients
Plant Dissection- Introduction
1) I think that pollen is produced in a plants stem.
2) The plant types will differ from seeds, color, and how they feel. Also, plants can differ from which kind of plant they are.
3) Plant types will be similar because they have a plant wall. They are all pollen producing and have seeds. All plants are in need of water, sunlight, and nutrients.
Hi im makayla I’m 16 and I’m a junior. I’m looking forward to getting your advice on the project!
Good guess, Rebecca! Josh, where do you think the carbon in wood comes from?
I hear that you guys are going to dissect flowers soon. Here's a tip: keep one flower whole while you are dissecting a second one. Sometimes, when you are dissecting, you forget how all the pieces were originally attached. Having a whole flower to go back to can help you remember. Alternately, use the same strategy people use when taking apart car engines - as you take the flower apart, make careful notes as to where each piece came from.
I'm excited to learn more things about plants! Thank you for taking the time to help and guide us to figure and learn new things out about this material.
Wow! You sound like you are a very busy person! I personally have never grown a plant from a seed. I wasn't really brought up to have green thumb! My family and I don't have a garden at our house due to deer around where we live, but we used to! I would say in my opinion that those carbons atoms come from soil? I'm honestly not a hundred percent sure where carbon atoms come from.
Hi everyone,
My name is Elizabeth, and I'll be your liaison this session! It's great to meet you all.
I'm a graduate student at Portland State, and I'm researching wind-dispersed plant seeds. The species I study is related to dandelions, and I use genetics to see how far seeds are able to move on a small/local scale and large/regional scale.
In my free time, I like to take my dog on walks. His name is Pando, after the aspen tree in Utah, which is a really cool plant. The Pando tree looks like an entire forest, but it's actually only one organism! Also, my favorite color is teal blue.
I hope you have a great time learning more about plants and pollen!
My name is Rebecca and I am a Junior. My favorite color is purple. I have 2 dogs that I love a lot!
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